SMAD4 (DPC4) [SPM448]

Signaling from the ligand-activated membrane receptor serine/
threonine kinases to nuclear targets is mediated by a set of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as DCP4.
Upon ligand binding, the receptors of the TGF-β
family phosphorylate SMAD proteins (SMAD1 and SMAD
2). These proteins then move into the nucleus, where they activate transcription. To carry out this function, the receptor
activated SMAD1 and 2 require association with the product of deleted in pancreatic carcinoma, locus 4 (DPC4), also known as SMAD4. SMAD4/DPC4 is also implicated as a tumor suppressor, since it is inactivated in more than half of pancreatic carcinomas and to a lesser extent in a variety of other cancers. The lack of SMAD4 expressionis is present in approximately 80% of cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, but rarely in endometrial (0%), colorectal (0%), ovarian (3%), lung (0%), breast (2% adenocarcinomas, and malignant melanoma (4%). SMAD4 is an important marker for confirming a diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Patients with pancreatic adenocarcinomas with SMAD4 protein expression had significantly longer survival than SMAD4 negative